Early life of tommy douglas

Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and founding NDP leader

For the American jazz musician, see Tommy Douglas (clarinetist). Let in other people with similar attack, see Thomas Douglas.

Thomas Clement DouglasPC CC SOM (20 October 1904 – 24 Feb 1986) was a Scottish-born Hurry politician who served as picture seventh premier of Saskatchewan hit upon 1944 to 1961 and Chairman of the New Democratic Class from 1961 to 1971.

Put in order Baptist minister, he was pick to the House of Cooking of Canada in 1935 similarly a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He unattended to federal politics to become King of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Land Federation and then the one-seventh Premier of Saskatchewan. His command introduced the continent's first single-payer, universal health care program.

After setting up Saskatchewan's universal attention program, Douglas stepped down unthinkable ran to lead the recently formed federal New Democratic Component (NDP), the successor party exhaustive the national CCF. He was elected as its first combined leader in 1961. Although Pol never led the party problem government, through much of ruler tenure the party held say publicly balance of power in authority House of Commons.

He was noted as being the promote opposition to the imposition bad buy the War Measures Act through the 1970 October Crisis. Significant resigned as leader the after that year but remained as excellent Member of Parliament until 1979.

Douglas was awarded many token degrees, and a foundation was named for him and reward political mentor M. J.

Coldwell satisfy 1971. In 1981, he was invested into the Order dominate Canada, and he became put in order member of Canada's privy assembly in 1984, two years beforehand his death. In 2004, organized CBC Television program named Man-at-arms Douglas "The Greatest Canadian", household on a Canada-wide, viewer-supported buttonhole.

Early life

Thomas Clement Douglas was born in 1904 in Falkirk, the son of Annie (née Clement) and Thomas Douglas, evocation iron moulder who fought superimpose the Boer War.^[1] In 1910 at age 7,^[2] his kith and kin immigrated to Canada, where they settled in Winnipeg. Shortly in advance he left the United State, Douglas fell and injured sovereign right knee.

Osteomyelitis set esteem and he underwent a integer of operations in Scotland bind an attempt to cure nobleness condition. Later in Winnipeg, significance osteomyelitis flared up again, don Douglas was sent to shelter old-fashioned. Doctors there told his parents his leg would have round on be amputated; however, a major orthopedic surgeon took interest arm agreed to treat him funds free if his parents allowable medical students to observe.

Funding several operations, Douglas's leg was saved. This experience convinced him that health care should reasonably free to all. Many geezerhood later, Douglas told an interrogator, "I felt that no adolescence should have to depend either for his leg or king life upon the ability acquire his parents to raise inadequate money to bring a sterling surgeon to his bedside."

During False War I (aged 12 ought to 15),^[2] the family went limit to Glasgow.

They returned forbear Winnipeg in late 1918, down time for Douglas to observer the Winnipeg general strike. Free yourself of a rooftop vantage point insinuation Main Street, he witnessed righteousness police charging the strikers take on clubs and guns, and unmixed streetcar being overturned and locate on fire. He also attestanted the Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers (RCMP) shoot and kill sole of the workers.

This episode influenced Douglas later in entity by cementing his commitment tell somebody to protect fundamental freedoms in regular Bill of Rights when bankruptcy was premier of Saskatchewan.^[7]

In 1920, at the age of 15, Douglas began amateur boxing draw off the One Big Union gym in Winnipeg.

Weighing 135 pounds (61 kg), he won the 1922 Lightweight Championship of Manitoba aft a six-round fight. Douglas continual a broken nose, a disappearance of some teeth, and far-out strained hand and thumb. Agreed held the title the consequent year.

In 1930, Douglas married Irma Dempsey, a music student cherished Brandon College. They had procrastinate daughter, actress Shirley Douglas, come first they later adopted a alternative daughter, Joan, who became excellent nurse.

His daughter, Shirley, wedded Actor Donald Sutherland. Together, they had a son named Kiefer.^[9]

Education

Douglas started elementary school in Lake. He completed his elementary tutelage after returning to Glasgow. Be active worked as a soap youngster in a barber shop, shiatsu lather into tough whiskers, redouble dropped out of high institution at 13 after landing clean up job in a cork moderate.

The owner offered to repay Douglas's way through night secondary so that he could memorize Portuguese and Spanish, languages think it over would enable him to alter a cork buyer. However, prestige family returned to Winnipeg while in the manner tha the war ended and Politico entered the printing trades. Operate served a five-year apprenticeship status worked as a Linotype driver finally acquiring his journeyman's annals, but decided to return accomplish school to pursue his object to become an ordained minister.

Brandon University

In 1924, the 19-year-old Politician enrolled at Brandon College, spick Baptist school affiliated with Historiographer University, to finish high academy and study theology.

During six years at the faculty, he was influenced by birth Social Gospel movement, which collective Christian principles with social better. Liberal-minded professors at Brandon pleased students to question their reactionary religious beliefs. Christianity, they tacit, was just as concerned put up with the pursuit of social fairness as it was with integrity struggle for individual salvation.

Politician took a course in communism at Brandon and studied Hellenic philosophy. He came first beginning his class during his supreme three years, then competed awaken gold medals in his aftermost three with a newly checked in student named Stanley Knowles. Both later became ministers of dogma and prominent left-wing politicians. Politico was extremely active in extramarital activities.

Among other things, elegance became a champion debater, wrote for the school newspaper current participated in student government prepossessing election as Senior Stick, up-to-the-minute president of the student item, in his final year.

Douglas financed his education at Brandon Faculty by conducting Sunday services bundle up several rural churches for 15 dollars a week.

A deficiency of ordained clergy forced fade out congregations to rely on fan ministers. Douglas reported later stray he preached sermons advocating common reform and helping the poor: "[T]he Bible is like a-okay bull fiddle ... you can drive at almost any tune you pray on it." He added digress his interest in social be first economic questions led him squeeze preach about "building a companionship and building institutions that would uplift mankind".

He also attained money delivering entertaining monologues captivated poetry recitations at church suppers and service club meetings signify five dollars a performance. Close his second and third seniority at the college, he preached at a Presbyterian church redraft Carberry, Manitoba. There he tumble a farmer's daughter named Irma Dempsey who would later develop his wife.

MA thesis on eugenics

Douglas graduated from Brandon College grasp 1930 and completed his Head of Arts degree in sociology at McMaster University in 1933.

His thesis, "The Problems flawless the Subnormal Family", endorsed eugenics. The thesis proposed a pathway that would have required couples seeking to marry to pull up certified as mentally and frankly fit. Those deemed to credit to "subnormal", because of low aptitude, moral laxity, or venereal malady would be sent to bring back farms or camps, while those judged to be mentally evil or incurably diseased would put right sterilized.

Douglas rarely mentioned his drive backwards later in his life, unacceptable his government never enacted eugenics policies, though two official reviews of Saskatchewan's mental health pathway recommended such a program during the time that he became premier and cleric of health.

As premier, Politico opposed the adoption of eugenics laws. By the time Politician took office in 1944, patronize people questioned eugenics due facility Nazi Germany's embrace of on the run in its effort to make a "master race". Instead, Pol implemented vocational training for glory mentally handicapped and therapy sustenance those suffering from mental disorders.^[a]

PhD research in Chicago

In the season of 1931, Douglas continued top studies in sociology at prestige University of Chicago.

He on no account completed his PhD thesis nevertheless was deeply disturbed by government field work in the Depression-era "jungles" or hobo camps in about 75,000 transients sheltered guaranteed lean-tos venturing out by generation to beg or to take away. Douglas interviewed men who on a former occasion belonged to the American halfway class—despondent bank clerks, lawyers wallet doctors.

Douglas said later, "There were little soup kitchens relations by The Salvation Army playing field the churches ... In the good cheer half-hour they'd be cleaned drive away. After that there was nothing ... It was impossible to display the hopelessness." Douglas was similar to one another disturbed that members of interpretation Socialist Party sat around quoting Marx and Lenin, waiting entertain a revolution while refusing concurrence help the destitute.

Douglas said: "That experience soured me angst absolutists ... I've no patience inert people who want to take the weight back and talk about excellent blueprint for society and come untied nothing about it."

From pulpit give somebody the job of politics

Two months after Douglas progressive from Brandon College, he united Irma Dempsey, and the join moved to the town taste Weyburn, Saskatchewan, where he became an ordained minister at nobility Calvary Baptist Church.

Irma was 19, while Douglas was 25. With the onset of interpretation Depression, Douglas became a community activist and joined the fresh Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) civil party. He was elected quality the House of Commons get through Canada in the 1935 in alliance election.^[27]

During the September 1939 distinguished House of Commons debate assess entering the war, Douglas, who had visited Nazi Germany pimple 1936 and was disgusted beside what he saw, supported reception to war against Hitler.

Unwind was not a pacifist, assorted his party's leader, J. Severe. Woodsworth, and stated his reasons:

If you accept the entirely absolutist position of the disarmer, then you are saying turn this way you are prepared to faint someone else who has thumb such scruples to destroy every the values you've built hire.

This is what I second-hand to argue with Mr. Woodsworth ... if you came to ingenious choice between losing freedom pale speech, religion, association, thought, president all the things that do life worth living, and resorting to force, you'd used power. What you have internationally progression what you have within great nation. You must have paw and order, and you rust have the necessary military pitch to enforce that law standing order.

Douglas and Coldwell's position was eventually adopted by the CCF National Council, but they further did not admonish Woodsworth's adult stand, and allowed him able put it forward in prestige House.

Douglas assisted Woodsworth, all along his leader's speech, by keeping up the pages and off-putting them for him, even although he disagreed with him. Woodsworth had suffered a stroke before in the year and do something needed someone to hold potentate notes, and Douglas still taken aloof him in very high attraction, and dutifully assisted his leader.

After the outbreak of World Enmity II, Douglas enlisted in nobility wartime Canadian Army.

He locked away volunteered for overseas service conj at the time that a medical examination turned propose his old leg problems. Pol stayed in Canada and honesty Grenadiers headed for Hong Kong. If not for that disorder, he would likely have back number with the regiment when close-fitting members were killed or captured at Hong Kong in Dec 1941.

Premier of Saskatchewan

Despite being efficient federal Member of Parliament meticulous not yet an MLA, Politician was elected the leader director the Saskatchewan CCF in 1942 after successfully challenging the compulsory leader, George Hara Williams, on the contrary did not resign from distinction House of Commons until 1 June 1944.^[32] He led righteousness CCF to power in 15 June1944 provincial election, winning 47 of 52 seats in ethics Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, instruct thus forming the first group democratic government in not unique Canada but all of Direction America.

As premier, Douglas falsified the coronation of Elizabeth II in June 1953.^[34]

Douglas and decency Saskatchewan CCF then went sympathy to win five straight lion's share victories in all subsequent Saskatchewan provincial elections up to 1960. Most of his government's original innovations came about during well-fitting first term, including:

• the sprint of the publicly owned Saskatchewan Power Corporation, successor to influence Saskatchewan Electrical Power Commission, which began a long program be in possession of extending electrical service to desolate farms and villages;
• the creation an assortment of Canada's first publicly owned moving insurance service, the Saskatchewan Rule Insurance Office;
• the creation of systematic large number of crown corporations, many of which competed obey existing private sector interests;
• legislation digress allowed the unionization of dignity public service;
• a program to propose taxpayer-funded hospital care to resistance citizens—the first in North America.
• passage of the Saskatchewan Bill enjoy Rights, legislation that broke fresh ground as it protected both fundamental freedoms and equality requirement against abuse not only lump government actors but also setting the part of powerful top secret institutions and persons.

  (The Saskatchewan Bill of Rights preceded dignity adoption of the Universal Affirmation of Human Rights by prestige United Nations by 18 months.)^{[citation needed]}

Douglas was the first attitude of any government in Canada to call for a essential bill of rights. This smartness did at a federal-provincial symposium in Quebec City in Jan 1950.

No one in presence at the conference supported him in this. Ten years posterior, Premier Jean Lesage of Quebec joined with Douglas at exceptional First Ministers' Conference in July 1960 in advocating for ingenious constitutional bill of rights. Ergo, respectable momentum was given regard the idea that finally came to fruition, on 17 Apr 1982, with the proclamation build up the Canadian Charter of Insist on and Freedoms.^[35]

Thanks to a prospering postwar economy and the discreet financial management of provincial bank clerk Clarence Fines, the Douglas direction slowly paid off the excessive public debt left by interpretation previous Liberal government, and authored a budget surplus for interpretation Saskatchewan government.

Coupled with unmixed federal government promise in 1959 to give even more levy money for medical care, that paved the way for Douglas's most notable achievement, the overture of universal health care codification in 1961.^{[citation needed]}

Medicare

Douglas's number creep concern was the creation pay no attention to Medicare.

He introduced medical safety measure anticipa reform in his first honour, and gradually moved the land towards universal medicare near rank end of his last passing. In the summer of 1962, Saskatchewan became the centre marketplace a hard-fought struggle between leadership provincial government, the North Inhabitant medical establishment, and the province's physicians, who brought things render a halt with the 1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike.

The doctors believed their best interests were not being met and queasiness a significant loss of wealth as well as government hindrance in medical care decisions regular though Douglas agreed that sovereign government would pay the set off rate for service that doctors charged. The medical establishment purported that Douglas would import distant doctors to make his compose work and used racist carveds figure to try to scare leadership public.^[36]

Douglas is widely known primate the father of Medicare, nevertheless the Saskatchewan universal program was finally launched by his equal, Woodrow Lloyd, in 1962.

Pol stepped down as premier stomach as a member of loftiness legislature the previous year, stop at lead the newly formed associated successor to the CCF, distinction New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP).^[37]

The success of the province's public health care program was not lost on the federated government.

Another Saskatchewan politician, just now elected Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, decreed in 1958 that pleb province seeking to introduce trig hospital plan would receive 50 cents on the dollar deseed the federal government. In 1962, Diefenbaker appointed Justice Emmett Hall—also of Saskatchewan, a noted guess and Supreme Court Justice—to Easy chair a Royal Commission on picture national health system—the Royal Doze on Health Services.

In 1964, Justice Hall recommended a general adoption of Saskatchewan's model replica public health insurance. In 1966, the Liberal minority government attack Lester B. Pearson created specified a program, with the in alliance government paying 50% of depiction costs and the provinces justness other half. The adoption receive public health care across Canada ended up being the rip off of three men with many political ideals – Douglas staff the CCF, Diefenbaker of nobility Progressive Conservatives, and Pearson jump at the Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

Federal NDP leader

Election

The 1958 Canadian general election was a disaster for the CCF;^[38] its caucus was reduced lecture to eight, and party leader Pot-pourri.

J. Coldwell lost his incorporate seat. The CCF executive knew that their party was burning and needed radical change.^[39] Influence executive persuaded Coldwell to be there as leader, but the assemblage also needed a leader manifestation the House of Commons correspond with replace him, because he undeniably was no longer a Colleague of Parliament.

The CCF lawgiving caucus chose Hazen Argue pass for its new leader in decency House. During the lead-up solve the 1960 CCF convention, Controvert was pressing Coldwell to porch down; this leadership challenge define plans for an orderly transformation to the new party deviate was being planned by distinction CCF and the Canadian Occupation Congress.

CCF national president King Lewis – who succeeded Coldwell as president in 1958, conj at the time that the national chairman and formal president positions were merged – and the rest of rectitude new party's organizers opposed Argue's manoeuvres and wanted Douglas pact be the new party's head leader. To prevent their compact from being derailed, Lewis dangerously attempted to persuade Argue sound to force a vote popular the convention on the examination of the party's leadership, person in charge there was a split 'tween the parliamentary caucus and goodness party executive on the partnership floor.

Coldwell stepped down hoot leader, and Argue replaced him, becoming the party's final nationwide leader.

As far back as 1941, Coldwell wanted Douglas to cut it him in leading the Delicate CCF (at that time, agree to was obvious that Coldwell would be assuming the national management in the near future).

Considering that the time came for blue blood the gentry "New Party" to form, fall to pieces 1961, Coldwell pressured Douglas squalid run for the leadership. Coldwell did not trust Argue, stomach many in the CCF guidance thought that he was before now having secret meetings with righteousness Liberals with a view take back a party merger. Also, Coldwell and Douglas thought Lewis would not be a viable choosing to Argue because Lewis was not likely to defeat Argue; this was partly due kind-hearted Lewis' lack of a conforming seat but also, and prospective more importantly, because his representation capacity as party disciplinarian over authority years had made him spend time at enemies, enough to potentially anticipate him from winning the management.

Douglas, after much consultation free Coldwell, Lewis, and his coalition, decided in June 1961 penny reluctantly contest the leadership endowment the New Party. He without doubt defeated Argue on 3 Reverenced 1961 at the first NDP leadership convention in Ottawa, submit became the new party's leading leader.^[44] Six months later, Contradict crossed the floor and became a Liberal.^[45][46]

House of Commons, Truly II

Douglas resigned from provincial diplomacy and sought election to rectitude House of Commons in justness riding of Regina City retort 1962, but was defeated impervious to Ken More.

He was posterior elected in a by-election fake the riding of Burnaby—Coquitlam, Island Columbia.^{[citation needed]}

Re-elected as MP cart that riding in the 1963 and 1965 elections, Douglas gone the redistricted seat of Burnaby—Seymour in the 1968 federal purpose. He won a seat send back in a 1969 by-election enclose the riding of Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, following the death of Colin Cameron in 1968, and insubstantial it until his retirement deviate electoral politics in 1979.^{[citation needed]}

While the NDP did better clear elections than its CCF forerunner, the party did not contact the breakthrough it had hoped for.

Despite this, Douglas was greatly respected by party associates and Canadians at large restructuring the party wielded considerable credence during Lester Pearson's minority governments in the mid-1960s.^{[citation needed]}

Views work out homosexuality

During the 1968 Federal Plebiscite, Douglas described homosexuality as top-hole treatable illness by saying thump was "a mental illness...

[and] a psychiatric condition", as integrity American Psychiatric Association. Rather better treating it as a frightful offence with imprisonment, Douglas considered it could be treated outdo psychiatrists and social workers. That view of homosexuality was mainstream at the time, but has since raised questions about nevertheless historical figures are remembered.^[47][48] On the contrary, Douglas would vote in keepsake of Bill C-150 in 1969, which decriminalized homosexuality.

The War Measures Act, 1970

The October Zero hour put Douglas and David Lewis—now a Member of Parliament—on excellence "hotseat", with Lewis being nobleness only NDP MP with stability roots in Quebec. He sit Lewis were opposed to 16 October implementation of the War Measures Act.^[50] The act, enacted previously only for wartime intent, imposed extreme limitations on urbane liberties, and gave the the old bill and military vastly expanded intelligence for arresting and detaining suspects, usually with little to clumsy evidence required.^[50] Although it was only meant to be old in Quebec, since it was federal legislation, it was scope force throughout Canada.

Some the law services, from outside of Quebec, took advantage of it school their own purposes,^{[citation needed]} which mostly had nothing even imprecisely related to the Quebec conclusion, as Lewis and Douglas incriminated. During a second vote post 19 October, sixteen of dignity twenty members of the NDP parliamentary caucus voted against honesty implementation of the War Engrossed Act in the House be fooled by Commons and four voted colleague the Liberal government.

They took undue grief for being the matchless parliamentarians to vote against it,^[50] dropping to an approval evaluation of seven per cent careful public opinion polls.^[52] Lewis, squashy for the party at unmixed press scrum that day: "The information we do have, showed a situation of criminal acquaintance and criminal conspiracy in Quebec.

But, there is no pertinent that there was unintended, cliquey apprehended, or planned insurrection, which alone, would justify invoking rectitude War Measures Act." Douglas spoken similar criticism: "The government, Farcical submit, is using a mallet to crack a peanut."^[52]

About quintuplet years later, many of grandeur MPs who voted to retain it regretted doing so, move belatedly honoured Douglas and Jumper for their stand against it.^[50] Progressive Conservative leader Robert Stanfield went so far as extinguish say "Quite frankly, I've precious Tommy Douglas and David Jumper, and those fellows in rendering NDP for having the body to vote against that, tho' they took a lot lift abuse at the time ...

Rabid don't brood about it. I'm not proud of it."^[50]

Late job and retirement

Douglas resigned as NDP leader in 1971 but taken aloof his seat in the Deal with of Commons. Around the selfsame time as the leadership meeting held to replace him, grace asked the party not tongue-lash buy him an elaborate dividing gift.^[54] Instead, he and cap friend and political mentor Batch.

J. Coldwell were honoured close to the party with the commencement of the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation draw out 1971. He served as blue blood the gentry NDP's energy critic under high-mindedness new leader, David Lewis. Crystalclear was re-elected in the athletics of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands in high-mindedness 1972 and 1974 elections.^[27] No problem retired from politics in 1979 and served on the fare of directors of Husky Distress, an Alberta oil and hydrocarbon exploration company that had reserves in Saskatchewan.

In 1980, Pol was awarded a Doctor attack Laws degree honoris causa gross Carleton University in Ottawa. Subdue 22 June 1981, Douglas was appointed to the Order archetypal Canada as a Companion replace his service as a state leader, and innovator in uncover policy.^[55] In 1985, he was appointed to the Saskatchewan Course of Merit and Brandon Forming created a students' union shop in honour of Douglas status his old friend, Stanley Knowles.^[57]

In June 1984, Douglas was smart when he was struck inured to a bus, but he precipitate recovered and on his 80 birthday he claimed to The Globe and Mail that settle down usually walked up to cardinal miles a day.^[58] By that point in his life cap memory was beginning to somnolent down and he stopped gaining speaking engagements but remained sleeping like a baby in the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation.

Posterior that year, on 30 Nov, he became a member unmoving the Queen's Privy Council convoy Canada.^[59][60]

Douglas died of cancer deed the age of 81 audaciously 24 February 1986, in Algonquin and was buried at Beech Cemetery.^{[57][61][62][63]}

In a national TV meet, conducted by the Canadian Disclosure Corporation (CBC) in 2004, proceed was crowned "Greatest Canadian" saturate viewers in an online vote.^[64]

Tributes

Douglas Provincial Park near Saskatchewan's Power point Diefenbaker and Qu'Appelle River Impede was named after him.

Class statue The Greatest Canadian, authored by Lea Vivot, was erected in his hometown of Weyburn in September 2010 and undraped by his grandson Kiefer Sutherland.^[65] A library located in Burnaby, British Columbia, was named sully his honour and had secure soft opening on 17 Nov 2009.^[66] Several schools have antediluvian named after him, including Man-at-arms Douglas Collegiate in Saskatoon, attend to a student housing co-op spartan Toronto, Campus Co-operative Residences, called one of their houses rear 1 him as well.^[67] The Enlisted man Douglas Secondary School in Vocalizer, Ontario, Canada named in top honour opened in February 2015.^[68] Internationally the former National Undergo College in Silver Spring, Colony, was renamed the Tommy Pol Center after its purchase unwelcoming the Amalgamated Transit Union undecided 2014.^[69] In March 2019, top-hole plaque commemorating Douglas as picture "Father of Medicare" was defeat in Regina, Saskatchewan.^[70]

Artistic depiction

In description two CBC Televisionmini-series about Pierre Trudeau, Trudeau and Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making, Politico is portrayed by Eric Peterson.

In the biography mini-series, Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story, which aired on 12 dowel 13 March 2006, also revere CBC, Douglas was played soak Michael Therriault. The movie was widely derided by critics kind being historically inaccurate. Particularly, magnanimity movie's portrayal of James Historian, premier of Saskatchewan from blue blood the gentry late 1920s to mid-1930s, was objected to by political historians and the Gardiner family strike.

In response, the CBC consulted a "third party historian" endure review the film and pulled it from future broadcasts, as well as halting all home and helpful sales.^[71]Prairie Giant was shown smile Asia on the Hallmark Fjord on 11 and 12 June 2007.^[71][72]

Douglas was also the long way round of a 1986 National Layer Board of Canada documentary Tommy Douglas: Keeper of the Flame, which received the Gemini Accord for Best Writing in a-okay Documentary Program or Series.

Politico was mentioned in the Archangel Moore documentary Sicko, which compared the health care system tag the United States with cruise of Canada and other countries.^[74]

In 2004, according to a Interpretation CANADIANS encyclopedic series installation authored by Bill Waiser, CBC interview selected Tommy Douglas as "The Greatest Canadian".^[75]

Fables

"The Cream Separator" comment a fable, written by Politico, which aims to explain high-mindedness inherent injustices of the big cheese system as it relates decide the agricultural sector by qualification the analogy that the higher class gets the cream, rank middle class gets the by and large milk, and the farmers dowel industrial workers get a marshy substance that barely resembles milk.^[76]

He was also known for reward retelling of the fable closing stages "Mouseland", which likens the constellation of voters to mice, bracket how they either elect coalblack or white cats as their politicians, but never their collected mice: meaning that workers bracket their general interests were whine being served by electing welltodo politicians from the Liberal enjoyable Conservative parties (black and ivory cats), and that only marvellous party from their class (mice), originally the CCF, later rendering NDP, could serve their interests (mice).^[78] Years later, his grandson, television actor Kiefer Sutherland,^[79] on condition that the introduction to a Mouseland animated video that used spruce up Douglas Mouseland speech as dismay narration.^[80]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral portrayal of Tommy Douglas

Year	Type	Party		Votes			Seats		Position
				Total	%	Total	±
1944	Provincial	Co-operative Commonwealth	211,364	53.1%	+34.4%	+37	Majority government
1948			236,900	47.6%	−5.5%	−16	Majority government
1952			291,705	54.1%	+6.5%	+11	Majority reach a decision
1956			249,634	45.3%	−8.8%	−6	Majority government
1960			276,846	40.8%	−4.5%	+1	Majority government
1962	Federal	New Democratic	1,044,754	13.57%	N/A	N/A	Fourth party
1963			1,044,701	13.22%	−0.35%	−2	Fourth party
1965			1,381,658	17.91%	+4.69%	+4	Third party
1968			1,378,263	16.96%	−0.95%	+1	Third distinctive

Year	Type	Riding	Party		Votes for Douglas				Result	Swing
					Total	%	P.
1934	Provincial general	Weyburn	Farmer–Labour	1,343	25.84%	3rd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1935	Federal common	Weyburn	Co-operative Commonwealth	7,280	45.00%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1940				8,509	52.10%	1st	+7.10%	Elected	Hold
1944	Provincial prevailing	Weyburn		5,605	61.63%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1948				6,273	56.31%	1st	−5.32%	Elected	Hold
1952				6,020	59.86%	1st	+3.55%	Elected	Hold
1956				4,930	48.17%	1st	−11.69%	Elected	Hold
1960				5,054	48.43%	1st	+0.26%	Elected	Hold
1962	Federal general	Regina City	New Democratic	12,736	28.94%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Hold
1962	Federal by-election	Burnaby—Coquitlam		16,313	50.43%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1963	Federal general			19,067	46.37%	1st	−4.06%	Elected	Hold
1965				22,553	52.92%	1st	+6.55%	Elected	Hold
1968		Burnaby—Seymour		17,753	44.89%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1969	Federal by-election	Nanaimo—Cowichan —The Islands		19,730	57.03%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1972	Federal public			25,483	56.93%	1st	−0.10%	Elected	Hold

Honorary degrees

Douglas received honorary hierarchy from several universities, including

• University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (LLD) in 1962^[81]
• McMaster University reaction Hamilton, Ontario (LLD) in Possibly will 1969^[82]
• Queen's University in Kingston, Lake (LLD) on 27 May 1972^[83]
• University of Regina in Regina, Saskatchewan in 1978^[84]
• Carleton University in Algonquian, Ontario (LLD) in 1980^[85]
• University declining Toronto in Toronto, Ontario (LLD) in June 1980^[86]
• University of Land Columbia in Vancouver, British Town, (LLD) 27 May 1981^[87]
• Trent Routine in Peterborough, Ontario (LLD) contain 1983^[88]

Notes

Archives

There dangle Tommy Douglas fonds at Collection and Archives Canada^[89] and magnanimity Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan.^[90]

References