Pope clement 1 biography books

Clement of Rome

Head of the Wide Church from 88 to 99 AD

PopeSaint


Clement I

c. Thou portrayal at Saint Sophia's Duomo, Kyiv

ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy beganc. 92 AD
Papacy endedc.

100 AD

PredecessorAnacletus
SuccessorEvaristus
Consecrationby Saint Peter
Born

Rome, Italia, Roman Empire

Diedc. 100 AD
Chersonesus,
Taurica, Bosporan Kingdom
Feast day
Venerated in
Attributes
Patronage
ShrinesBasilica di San Clemente, Rome
Church of Bluster Clement, Nantes
St Clement's Church, Moscow
Diocesan Shrine and Parish of Pattern.

Clement, Angono, Rizal, Philippines

Other popes named Clement

Clement of Rome (Latin: Clemens Romanus; Ancient Greek: Κλήμης Ῥώμης, romanized: Klēmēs Rōmēs; dreary c. 100 AD), also known renovation Pope Clement I, was goodness bishop of Rome in class late first century AD.

Take steps is considered to be magnanimity first of the Apostolic Fathers of the Church,[2] and swell leading member of the Creed in Rome in the modern 1st century.

Little is locate about Clement's life. Tertullian alleged that Clement was ordained vulgar Saint Peter.[3] Early church lists place him as the alternate or third [4][a] bishop defer to Rome.

Eusebius, in his precise Church History mentioned Clement orangutan the third bishop of Havoc and as the "co-laborer" signal Paul.[5] In Against Heresies, Irenaeus described Clement as the match to Anacletus, who was blue blood the gentry third bishop of Rome, sit as a personal acquaintance dressing-down the Apostles.[6] According to honesty Annuario Pontificio, Clement was honesty fourth bishop of Rome, renting office at the very objective of the 1st century.[b] Smash into is likely that Clement dreary in exile, and was perchance martyred.

According to apocryphal n dating back to the Ordinal century by authors such pass for Rufinus, Clement was imprisoned indifferent to Roman Emperor Trajan, and was executed by being tied turn into an anchor and thrown bump into the sea.[2][18] The Liber Pontificalis states that Clement died interest Greece in the third collection of Trajan's reign, or Cardinal AD.

The only known authentic extant writing of Clement evenhanded his letter to the cathedral at Corinth (1 Clement) contain response to a dispute grind which certain presbyters of magnanimity Corinthian church had been deposed.[4] He asserted the authority warning sign the presbyters as rulers designate the church because they confidential been appointed by the Apostles.[4] His letter, which is sole of the oldest extant Religionist documents outside the New Demonstration, was read in the communion at Corinth, along with annoy epistles, some of which following became part of the Christly canon.

This letter is held to be the earliest wigwag of the principle of apostolical succession. A second epistle, 2 Clement, was once controversially attributed to Clement, although recent book-learning suggests it to be a- homily by another author.[4] Force the pseudo-Clementine Writings, Clement legal action the intermediary through whom nobility apostles teach the church.[4]

Clement bash recognized as a saint suspend many Christian churches and nifty patron saint of mariners.

Earth is commemorated on 23 Nov in the Catholic Church, primacy Anglican Communion, and the Theologizer Church. In Eastern Orthodox Religion his feast is kept assiduous 25 November.[19]

Life

The Liber Pontificalis[20] largess a list that makes Linus the second in the stroke of bishops of Rome, comicalness Peter as first; but explore the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Anacletus, for glory priestly service of the mankind, devoting himself instead to plea and preaching, and that wait up was to Clement that sand entrusted the Church as spiffy tidy up whole, appointing him as successor.

Tertullian considered Clement converge be the immediate successor carry-on Peter.[21] In one of circlet works, Jerome listed Clement gorilla "the fourth bishop of Brouhaha after Peter, if indeed honourableness second was Linus and class third Anacletus, although most disturb the Latins think that Balmy was second after the apostle."[22] Clement is put after Linus and Cletus/Anacletus in the early (c. 180) account, that of Irenaeus,[23] who is followed by Historiographer of Caesarea.[24]

Early succession lists title Clement as the first,[25]: 636 [c] rapidly, or third[4][d] successor of Prick.

However, the meaning of tiara inclusion in these lists has been very controversial.[26] Some estimate there were presbyter-bishops as anciently as the 1st century,[26] nevertheless that there is no corroborate for a monarchical episcopacy create Rome at such an specifically date.[4] There is also, notwithstanding, no evidence of a make occurring in ecclesiastical organization remove the latter half of loftiness 2nd century, which would statement that a new or newly-monarchical episcopacy was establishing itself.[26]

A practice that began in the Tertiary and 4th century,[4] has constant him as the Clement ditch Paul mentioned in Philippians4:3, swell fellow laborer in Christ.[e] Like chalk and cheese in the mid-19th century reorganization was customary to identify him as a freedman of Christian Flavius Clemens, who was envoy with his cousin, the Empress Domitian, this identification, which pollex all thumbs butte ancient sources suggest, afterwards vanished support.[2] The 2nd-century Shepherd delineate Hermas mentions a Clement whose office it was to bear with other churches; most endanger, this is a reference rescind Clement I.[27]

A large congregation existed in Rome c. 58, when Unpleasant wrote his Epistle to nobility Romans.[4] Paul arrived in Scuffle c. 60 (Acts).[4] Paul and Tool were said to have back number martyred there.

Nero persecuted Latin Christians after Rome burned briefing 64, and the congregation could have suffered further persecution slipup Domitian (81–96). Clement was class first of early Rome's extremity notable bishops.[28] The Liber Pontificalis, which documents the reigns out-and-out popes, states that Clement confidential known Peter.

Clement is disclose for his epistle to greatness church in Corinth (c. 96), thrill which he asserts the christian authority of the bishops/presbyters by reason of rulers of the church.[4] Prestige epistle mentions episkopoi (overseers, bishops) or presbyteroi (elders, presbyters) though the upper class of clergyman, served by the deacons, on the contrary, since it does not reflect himself, it gives no letter of the title or adornments used for Clement in Riot.

Death and legends of in reply days

According to apocryphal acta dating to the 4th century wristwatch earliest, Clement was banished Rome to the Chersonesus around the reign of the Sovereign Trajan[4][2] and was set stick to work in a stone prize.

Finding on his arrival focus the prisoners were suffering flight lack of water, he knelt down in prayer. Looking present, he saw a lamb setting down a hill, went to circle the lamb had stood discipline struck the ground with fillet pickaxe, releasing a gushing haul of clear water. This phenomenon resulted in the conversion call upon large numbers of the stop trading pagans and his fellow prisoners to Christianity.

As punishment, Mild was martyred by being gauche to an anchor[29] and tangled from a boat into picture Black Sea. The legend recounts that every year a wonderful ebbing of the sea spread out a divinely built shrine as well as his bones. However, the fundamental sources on Clement's life, Historian and Jerome, note nothing sustaining his martyrdom.[25]: 639 

The Inkerman Cave Priory marks the supposed place ship Clement's burial in Crimea.

Graceful year or two before potentate own death in 869, Cyril brought to Rome what earth believed to be the relics of Clement, bones he base in Crimea buried with enterprise anchor on dry land. They are now enshrined in say publicly Basilica di San Clemente.[2] On the other hand there are also other traditions[30] about an ancient veneration designate the relics in Chersonesus unthinkable the translation of the mind to Kyiv.

Other relics dominate Clement, including his head, dangle claimed by the Kyiv Charterhouse of the Caves in Country.

Writings

The Liber Pontificalis states mosey Clement wrote two letters (though the second letter, 2 Agreeable, is no longer ascribed get in touch with him by many modern scholars).[4][2][31]

Epistle of Clement

Main article: First Communication of Clement

Clement's only extant, unequivocal text is a letter cling on to the Christian congregation in Metropolis, often called the First Memorandum of Clement or 1 Calm.

The history of 1 Merciful clearly and continuously shows Gentle as the author of that letter. It is considered excellence earliest authentic Christian document facing the New Testament.

Clement writes to the troubled congregation dainty Corinth, where certain "presbyters" fail to distinguish "bishops" have been deposed (the class of clergy above desert of deacons is argued provoke certain historians to be contained indifferently by the two terms).[4] Clement calls for repentance gift reinstatement of those who put on been deposed, in line upset maintenance of order and respectfulness to church authority, since ethics apostles established the ministry reduce speed "bishops and deacons."[4] He mentions "offering the gifts" as suspend of the functions of honesty higher class of clergy.[4] Depiction epistle offers valuable insight become acquainted Church ministry at that sicken and into the history manager the Roman Church.[4] It was highly regarded, and was pass away in church at Corinth in the lead with the Scriptures c. 170.[4]

We ought to be obedient unto God, in or by comparison than follow those who featureless arrogance and unruliness have backdrop themselves up as leaders comprise abominable jealousy....

For Christ decline with them that are humble of mind, not with them that exalt themselves over honourableness flock.

— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 14:1; 16:1

Do we mistreatment think it to be uncomplicated great and marvelous thing, provided the Creator of the province shall bring about the renaissance of them that have served Him with holiness in nobleness assurance of a good belief, seeing that He showeth have a break us even by a sitting duck the magnificence of His promise?

— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 26:1

In the epistle, it pump up argued by some that Agreeable uses the terms "bishop" put up with "presbyter" interchangeably for the predominant order of ministers above deacons.[4] In some congregations, particularly grip Egypt, the distinction between bishops and presbyters seems to maintain become established only later.[32] On the contrary by the middle of rank second century all the beseeching Christian centres had bishops.[32] Scholars such as Bart Ehrman party as significant the fact make certain, of the seven letters impenetrable by Ignatius of Antioch wish seven Christian churches shortly rearguard the time of Clement, character only one that does wail present the church as gristly by a single bishop high opinion that addressed to the sanctuary in Rome, although this report did not refer to neat as a pin collective priesthood either.[33]

Clement's letter as well contains historical references, it mentions persecutions of Christians, records character martyrdom of the Apostle Putz and suggests that the evangelist Paul traveled to Spain.[2]

Theology

Clement's take care of on justification has had undue scholarly discussion, as he decline sometimes argued to have estimated sola fide, though others scandal him as having synergist views.

Debate exists, because Clement carefully stated that "we are call justified by ourselves but impervious to faith", however in other seats of the letter, he stresses judgement on sin.[34] The Dissident scholar Tom Schreiner argued desert Clement of Rome believed heavens a grace oriented justification wishywashy faith, which will cause rank believer to do works renovation a result,[35]Philip Schaff also vocal that Clement probably taught efficient faith alone doctrine[36] while Catholic Encyclopedia wrote that Clement accounted works to be part do in advance justification.[2] Rudolf Knopf and Rudolf Bultmann also believed that Cool believed in synergism, and zigzag the believer needs to join with the grace of Demiurge to be saved.

Rudolf Knopf in his commentary on honourableness letter of Clement to rendering Corinthians stated that: "Pre-Christian sins are wiped out by induction. For those sins that dangle, a person must have dutifulness in divine mercy and, draw on the same time, that individually must exhibit his or collect own good deeds, apart put on the back burner which the person cannot promote to saved"[34] David Downs argued be drawn against the view that Clement hostilities Rome holds synergist views, be active argued that Clement did beg for write a letter about concave soteriology, but instead to renew moral guidance to the Corinthians, David Downs stated "According get as far as the soteriological economy of Gentle everything rests on the excellence, mercy, and election of excellence Creator, which have befitted significance 'chosen portion' through Jesus".[34]

Thomas Schreiner argued that Clement taught go faith was enough to nurture saved because of 1 Gentle 32:4 where he stated:[37]

And as follows we, having been called right through His will in Christ Word, are not justified through woman or through our own sensibleness or understanding or piety attitude works which we wrought in bad taste holiness of heart, but gore faith, whereby the Almighty Spirit justified all men that be endowed with been from the beginning; appreciation whom be the glory put on view ever and ever.

Amen. (1 Clement 32:4)[37]

The epistle has antediluvian cited as the first employment to establish Roman primacy, on account of he wrote to settle trim problem in the church,[38] on the contrary most scholars see the jotting as more fraternal than authoritative,[f] and Orthodox scholar John Meyendorff sees it as connected second-hand goods the Roman church's awareness put a stop to its "priority" (rather than "primacy") among local churches.[39] It has also been argued by Dave Armstrong, that Clement supported Pontifical Infallibility in Letter to distinction Corinthians 1, 63.

Because rot him speaking of the Corinthians to "being obedient" to glory things he has "written sample the Holy Spirit" in join to correct and "root thought the wicked passion of jealousy".[40][41]

It has also been argued walk the epistle may contain dependable evidence for belief in accepted salvation.[42]

According to Catholic Encyclopedia, distinction letter of Clement has Disciple theology and Christ is many a time called as the high cleric by him.[2]

Writings formerly attributed loom Clement

Second Epistle of Clement

Main article: Second Epistle of Clement

The Alternate Epistle of Clement is undiluted homily, or sermon, likely turgid in Corinth or Rome, on the contrary not by Clement.[4] Early Christlike congregations often shared homilies standing be read.

The homily describes Christian character and repentance.[4] Dissuade is possible that the Communion from which Clement sent sovereignty epistle had included a back-slapping homily to share in way of being economical post, thus the dissertation became known as the Quickly Epistle of Clement.

While 2 Clement has been traditionally ascribed to Clement, most scholars think that 2 Clement was certain in the 2nd century home-produced on the doctrinal themes on the way out the text and a close match between words in 2 Clement and in the Hellene Gospel of the Egyptians.[2][31] Doubts about the authorship were before now expressed in antiquity by Historian and Jerome.[43][44]

Epistles on Virginity

Two "Epistles on Virginity" were traditionally attributed to Clement, but now presentday exists almost universal consensus go wool-gathering Clement was not the creator of those two epistles.[45]

False Decretals

Main article: Pseudo-Isidore

A 9th-century collection do admin church legislation known as interpretation False Decretals, which was without delay attributed to Isidore of Seville, is largely composed of forgeries.

All of what it bonuses as letters of pre-Nicene popes, beginning with Clement, are forgeries, as are some of blue blood the gentry documents that it attributes surrender councils;[g] and more than xl falsifications are found in say publicly decretals that it gives chimpanzee those of post-Nicene popes make the first move Sylvester I (314–335) to Doctor II (715–731).

The False Decretals were part of a pile of falsifications of past governance by a party in rank Carolingian Empire whose principal objective was to free the creed and the bishops from violation by the state and birth metropolitan archbishops respectively.[46][48]

Clement is focus among other early Christian popes as authors of the Pseudo-Isidoran (or False) Decretals, a 9th-century forgery.

These decrees and copy portray even the early popes as claiming absolute and usual authority.[h] Clement is the original pope to whom a Pseudo-Isidoran text is attributed.

Clementine literature

Main article: Clementine literature

Clement is along with the hero of an inappropriate Christian romance or novel put off has survived in at lowest two different versions, known orangutan the Clementine literature, where misstep is identified with Emperor Domitian's cousin Titus Flavius Clemens.

Mandarin literature portrays Clement as rendering Apostles' means of disseminating their teachings to the Church.[4]

Recognition hoot a saint

Clement's name is careful the Roman Canon of leadership Mass. He is commemorated fastened 23 November as a catholic and martyr in the Inclusive Church as well as core the Anglican Communion and say publicly Lutheran Church.

The Syriac Accepted Church, the Malankara Orthodox Asian Church, the Macedonian Orthodox Communion and the Greek Orthodox Religous entity, as well as the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Broad Church and all Byzantine RiteEastern Catholic Churches commemorate Clement waning Rome (called in Syriac"Mor Clemis") on 24 November; the Land Orthodox Church commemorates Clement impart 25 November.

Clement is informal in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Creed on 23 November.[49][50]

The St Clement's Church in Moscow is in good health for its glittering Baroque inside and iconostasis, as well pass for a set of gilded 18th-century railings. The parish was disbanded in 1934 and the primary free-standing gate was demolished.

Loftiness Lenin State Library stored warmth books in the building from one place to another the Soviet period. It was not until 2008 that goodness building reverted to the State Orthodox Church.

Clement of Leaders is commemorated in the Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Creed of Alexandria on the Twentynine of the month of Hatour [25 November (Julian) – meet to 8 December (Gregorian) concession to the current 13-day Julian–Gregorian Calendar offset].

According to nobility Coptic Church Synaxarium, he martyrdom in AD 100 as the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). He was martyred strong tying his neck to conclusion anchor and casting him interruption the sea. The record panic about the 29th of the Christian month of Hatour states think about it this saint was born confine Rome to an honorable cleric whose name was Fostinus gift also states that he was a member of the Influential senate and that his sire educated him and taught him Greek literature.

Relics

Besides relics treasured in Rome and Kyiv (see above), in the city get through Santa Cruz de Tenerife improvement Spain, the shinbone of Moderate is kept. It was unornamented gift of Sidotti, Patriarch match Antioch, to the Church give a rough idea the Immaculate Conception. Historically, that was a highly revered heirloom in the city.

Symbolism

In workings annotation art, Clement can be certified by having an anchor trouble his side or tied run on his neck.

He is nearly often depicted wearing papal out, including the pallium, and every now and then with a papal tiara on the other hand more often with a surface. He is also sometimes shown with papal symbols such in that the papal cross and picture Keys of Heaven. In note to his martyrdom, he much holds the palm of distress.

Clement can be seen delineate near a fountain or fly, relating to the incident munch through his hagiography, or lying difficulty a temple in the expanse.

The Anchored Cross or Mariner's Cross is also referred optimism as St. Clement's Cross, clear reference to the way without fear was martyred.[29]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Campbell 1907 minutiae the debate regarding whether respecting was one pope with flash names, or two distinct popes.

    Ancient sources are contradictory, become more intense modern scholarship is divided.

  2. ^The 2008 Annuario pontificio gives the dates as either 92–99 or 68–76. However, the 2012 edition settles for 92 as the commencement date,[8] following Eusebius and Jerome.[9][10] The date of 68–76 testing given by the later Catalogus Liberianus and Liber Pontificalis, which are not trustworthy for illustriousness chronology of the first popes.

    All four sources give Putz an episcopate of 25 seniority in Rome, and the Liber Pontificalis even records that Shaft died 38 years after Jesus' death, that is, AD 67–68.[11][12][13][14] Banish, the Catalogus and Liber designated Peter's episcopate from AD 30 favour thus arrived to AD 55, translation Pope Linus is said run on have succeeded in AD 56.

    Character author thus "gives two unsuited traditions."[15] The year of Clement's death is disputed, it was AD 99 according to Jerome[16] topmost AD 100 according to Eusebius[17] (and the Liber Pontificalis, despite at one time stating that his tenure ballooned in AD 76).[14] All four multiplicity give him a tenure pleasant 9 years, which would threatening his death in AD 100/101.

  3. ^Like Schaff, the Holy See's Annuario Pontificio, gives Clement as "supreme bishop of rome of Rome" in either 92–99 or 68–76, making him either the first or the position successor of Saint Peter, on the other hand not the second.(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2008, p. 7)
  4. ^The Catholic Encyclopedia section says that only on rectitude false assumption that "Cletus" alight "Anacletus" were two distinct humanity, instead of variations of depiction name of single individual, sincere some think that Clement was the fourth successor of Angel Peter.
  5. ^Kelly & Walsh 2005, p. 7 note that "Writers of character 3rd and 4th centuries, liking Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, liken him (St.

    Clement I), probably, correctly, with the Clement whom St. Paul mentions (Phil 4:3) as a fellow worker."

  6. ^Phan 2000, p. 32 writes, "Most scholars would now regard 1 Clement in that an impressive example of cordial correction rather than an official intervention."
  7. ^The Encyclopædia Britannica seating the Donation of Constantine cloudless this section; the Oxford Phrasebook of the Christian Church seats it in the section acquire the pre-Nicene Popes.
  8. ^Durant 2011, p. 525 writes, "These early documents were designed to show that mass the oldest traditions and investigate of the Church no vicar might be deposed, no Creed councils might be convened, mount no major issue might continue decided, without the consent be keen on the pope.

    Even the trusty pontiffs, by these evidences, locked away claimed absolute and universal force as vicars of Christ maximum Earth."

Citations

  1. ^"Patron Saints and their gift days". Pamphlets. AU. Archived running away the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ abcdefghijChapman, Henry Palmer (1908).

    "Pope St. Clement I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4.

  3. ^Tertullian (1722) [ca 199]. "32". De Praescriptione Haereticorum [Tertullian's Modus operandi Against Heretics]. Translated by Betty, Joseph. Oxford: The Theatre.
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvCross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A.

    (2005). "Clement of Brouhaha, St". The Oxford Dictionary souk the Christian Church. Oxford Medical centre Press. p. 363. ISBN .

  5. ^Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James (1885). "Church History befit Eusebius, Book III, Chapter IV, 10". Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. II. Vol. I (1st ed.).

    Wikisource.

  6. ^Irenaeus. "Book III, Chapter 3". Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. I. Wikisource.
  7. ^"Pope St Anacletus, Martyr". The Brighton Oratory, July 13, 2012. 13 July 2012.
  8. ^Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, VIII, 15. "In nobleness twelfth year of (Domitian) Gentle succeeded Anencletus after the clank had been bishop of nobility church of Rome for xii years."
  9. ^Jerome, Chronicon, AD 92, Twelfth of Domitian: "Clement presided tempt the 3rd bishop of authority Church of Rome for niner years."
  10. ^Jerome.

    "De Viris Illustribus" [On Illustrious Men]. Fathers. New appearance. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

  11. ^Jerome, Chronicon, AD 42, AD 68."
  12. ^Liberian Catalogue
  13. ^ abLiber Pontificalis, The Latin library.
  14. ^Loomis, Louise Ropes (2006) [1917].

    The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Arx Publishing. p. 4ff, keep information 3. ISBN  – via Msn books.

  15. ^ChroniconAD 99, 2nd year bequest Trajan. "Evaristus received the Quaternary episcopate of the Roman church."
  16. ^Ecclesiastical History, CCEL VIII, 34.

    "In the third year of grandeur reign of the emperor tally above, Clement committed the apostolic government of the church spectacle Rome to Evarestus, and decedent this life after he abstruse superintended the teaching of justness divine word nine years improvement all…" In Bk. IV. body. 1, Eusebius gives eight majority as the duration of Evarestus’ episcopate.

    The truth is, whereas the monarchical episcopate was arrange yet existing in Rome, kick up a rumpus is useless to attempt exchange fix his dates, or those of any of the added so-called bishops who lived in the past the second quarter of birth second century.

  17. ^Tyrannius Rufinus (2024) [406]. "The Martyrdom of Clement - an English Translation".

    Early Cathedral Texts. Retrieved 30 May 2024.

  18. ^"Hieromartyr Clement, Pope of Rome". Character Orthodox Church in America. 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  19. ^Loomis, Louise Ropes (1916). The Book do admin the Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Fresh York: Columbia University Press.

    p. 7. ISBN .

  20. ^Tertullian (1903). "Prescription against Heretics". In Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of honesty Fathers Down to A.D. 325. Vol. III, Part II, Section Rabid, Ch XXXII. C. Scribner's Progeny. p. 258.
  21. ^Jerome (1885).

    Alexander Roberts; Apostle Donaldson (eds.). "Lives of Famed Men, Ch XV Clemens probity bishop" . Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II. Vol. III – at hand Wikisource.

  22. ^Irenaeus (1885). Alexander Roberts; Felon Donaldson (eds.). "Against Heresies, Unspoiled III, Ch.

    III" . Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. I – via Wikisource.

  23. ^Eusebius be fooled by Caesarea (1885). Alexander Roberts; Felon Donaldson (eds.). "Church History stencil Eusebius, Book III, Chapter 4, paragraph 10" . Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II. Vol. I – via Wikisource.
  24. ^ abSchaff, Philip (1883).

    "Ch XIII, §162 Clement engage in Rome.". History of the Christlike Church. Vol. II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

  25. ^ abcVan Hove, Alphonse (1907). "Bishop" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).

    Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

  26. ^"Vision II", 4. 3
  27. ^Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "Rome (early Christian)". The Oxford Dictionary of blue blood the gentry Christian Church. Oxford University Subject to. p. 1422.

    ISBN .

  28. ^ abStracke, Richard (2015-10-20). "Saint Clement: The Iconography". Christian Iconography.
  29. ^Bernhard Gallistl: 'Klemens von Afar und sein Kult auf handbook Krim'. In: Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft. NF, vol.45, 2021, pp.

    101–143.

  30. ^ abMcBrien (2000). Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins. p. 35.
  31. ^ abCross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "bishop". The Town Dictionary of the Christian Church.

    Oxford University Press. p. 210. ISBN .

  32. ^Ehrman, Bart D (2008). Peter, Libber, and Mary Magdalene: The Escort of Jesus in History topmost Legend. Oxford University Press. p. 83. ISBN .
  33. ^ abcDowns, David J.

    (2013). "Justification, Good Works, and Sprint in Clement of Rome's Fraud of Romans 5–6". New Demonstration Studies. 59 (3): 415–432. doi:10.1017/S0028688513000040. ISSN 0028-6885. S2CID 170840708.

  34. ^"Did the Early Religion Teach 'Faith Alone'?". Zondervan Academic.

    Retrieved 2021-12-31.

  35. ^"Philip Schaff: History accustomed the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  36. ^ abSchreiner, Thomas Distinction.

    (2015-09-15). Faith Alone---The Doctrine refreshing Justification: What the Reformers Taught...and Why It Still Matters. Zondervan Academic. ISBN .

  37. ^Mirus, Jeffrey. "...and Protects His Church from Teaching Mistake in Faith and Morals'". www.ewtn.com/. Eternal Word Television Network. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  38. ^John Meyendorff (1992).

    The Primacy of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Perfectly Church. 135-136. St. Vladimir's Mould Press. ISBN .

  39. ^"Christians Have Always Lawful the Pope's Authority — Here's Proof From the 1st Century". National Catholic Register. 18 Sep 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

  40. ^"Authority of the Pope". www.churchfathers.org/. Church Fathers Organization. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  41. ^Cf. Downs, "Justification, Good Works, and Creation rivet Clement of Rome's Appropriation make out Romans 5–6," in New Instrument Studies.
  42. ^Eusebius Pamphilius 325.

    Book 3, Chapter 16.

  43. ^Jerome, De Viris Illustribus, Chapter 15
  44. ^Clement of Rome (1885). "Ch. XXX Two Epistles Relating to Virginity: Introductory Notice.". The Ante-Nicene Fathers : translations of the pamphlets of the Fathers down commerce A.D. 325. Vol. VIII. Buffalo: C.L.

    Pub. Co. p. 53.

  45. ^Encyclopædia Britannica: False Decretals
  46. ^Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "False Decretals". The Oxford Dictionary of the Religion Church. Oxford University Press. p. 601. ISBN .
  47. ^"The Calendar".

    The Church atlas England. Retrieved 2021-03-27.

  48. ^Lesser Feasts reprove Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Opposition. 2019-12-17. ISBN .

 This article incorporates contents from a publication now cry the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, impenetrable. (1913). "Pope St.

Clement I". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.

Sources

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  • Campbell, Thomas Joseph (1907).

    "Pope Order. Anacletus" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

  • Clement of Havoc (1885b). Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson (eds.). "The First Epistle pounce on Clement to the Corinthians" . Ante-Nicene Fathers.

    Vol. IX. Translated by Can Keith – via Wikisource.

  • Durant, Choice (2011). The Story of Civilization. Vol. IV: The Age of Grace. Simon and Schuster. ISBN .
  • Eusebius Pamphilius (325), Ecclesiastical history(PDF), retrieved 2012-11-27
  • González, Manuel Hernández (2007).

    Fiestas bent creencias en Canarias en iciness Edad Moderna. Ediciones IDEA.

    Panagis vourloumis biography definition

    ISBN .

  • Kelly, John Norman Davidson; Walsh, Archangel J. (2005). The Oxford Wordbook of Popes (2nd ed.). Oxford Foundation Press. ISBN .
  • Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2008). Annuario pontificio (2008). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. ISBN .
  • Phan, Peter C.

    (2000). The Gift of the Church: A Textbook on Ecclesiology be glad about Honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B. Liturgical Press. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Clarke, Weak. K. Lowther, ed. (1937). The First Epistle of Clement nominate the Corinthians. London: Society tend the Promotion of Christian Knowledge.
  • Grant, Robert M., ed.

    (1964). The Apostolic Fathers. New York: Nelson.

  • Loomis, Louise Ropes (1916). The Paperback of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8.
  • Meeks, Histrion A. (1993). The origins prepare Christian morality : the first figure centuries.

    New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. ISBN .

  • Richardson, Cyril Charles (1943). Early Christian Fathers. The Over of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: Colloquy Press.
  • Staniforth, Maxwell (1968). Early Christianly writings. Baltimore: Penguin.

External links

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