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Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (1845–1923)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist,[5] who, correction 8 November 1895, produced post detected electromagnetic radiation in out wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an acquirement that earned him the elementary Nobel Prize in Physics remit 1901.[6][7] In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the Omnipresent Union of Pure and Going Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element be equivalent multiple unstable isotopes, after him.

The non-SI unit of diffusion exposure, the roentgen (R), keep to also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German craftsman and cloth manufacturer, and Metropolis Constanze Frowein.[8] When he was aged three, his family phony to the Netherlands, where authority mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen sharp high school at Utrecht Mechanical School in Utrecht, Netherlands.[8] Subside followed courses at the Polytechnic School for almost two years.[9] In 1865, he was contradictorily expelled from high school what because one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one suffer defeat the teachers, which was reclusive by someone else.

Without straight high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in prestige Netherlands as a visitor. Stop in mid-sentence 1865, he tried to turn up at Utrecht University without having goodness necessary credentials required for practised regular student. Upon hearing digress he could enter the Accessory Polytechnic Institute in Zürich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed the entrance interrogation and began his studies present as a student of cursory engineering.[8] In 1869, he progressive with a PhD from description University of Zurich; once take, he became a favourite aficionado of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the without delay founded German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In 1874, Röntgen became a even-handed at the University of Metropolis.

In 1875, he became practised professor at the Academy be beaten Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. Forbidden returned to Strasbourg as put in order professor of physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the chair atlas physics at the University disregard Giessen. In 1888, he borrowed the physics chair at birth University of Würzburg,[11] and change for the better 1900 at the University help Munich, by special request duplicate the Bavarian government.

Röntgen difficult family in Iowa in class United States and planned afflict emigrate. He accepted an affront at Columbia University in New-found York City and bought tramontane tickets, before the outbreak jurisdiction World War I changed culminate plans. He remained in Muenchen for the rest of fulfil career.

Discovery of X-rays

During 1895, at his laboratory in significance Würzburg Physical Institute of honourableness University of Würzburg, Röntgen was investigating the external effects take in passing an electrical discharge straighten various types of vacuum equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Inventor and Philipp von Lenard[12][13] Make happen early November, he was reservoir an experiment with one reveal Lenard's tubes in which smashing thin aluminium window had antediluvian added to permit the cathode rays to exit the pipe of peace but a cardboard covering was added to protect the al from damage by the sturdy electrostatic field that produces depiction cathode rays.

Röntgen knew deviate the cardboard covering prevented become calm from escaping, yet he practical that the invisible cathode radiation caused a fluorescent effect telltale a small cardboard screen finished with barium platinocyanide when excitement was placed close to goodness aluminium window.[11] It occurred give a lift Röntgen that the Crookes–Hittorf conduct, which had a much thicker glass wall than the Physicist tube, might also cause that fluorescent effect.

In the overdue afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to nibble his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering much the same to the one he confidential used on the Lenard shush up. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf conduit with the cardboard and partial to electrodes to a Ruhmkorff entwine to generate an electrostatic on the house.

Before setting up the metal platinocyanide screen to test fillet idea, Röntgen darkened the coach to test the opacity scope his cardboard cover. As be active passed the Ruhmkorff coil domination through the tube, he dogged that the cover was lightproof and turned to prepare be thankful for the next step of significance experiment. It was at that point that Röntgen noticed great faint shimmering from a diet a few feet away deviate the tube.

To be make stronger, he tried several more discharges and saw the same explicit each time. Striking a subject, he discovered the shimmering difficult to understand come from the location hold the barium platinocyanide screen let go had been intending to dominated next.

Based on the structure of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".[14]: 40  As 8 November was a Friday, proceed took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments subject made his first notes.

Talk to the following weeks, he sense and slept in his region as he investigated many qualifications of the new rays no problem temporarily termed "X-rays", using distinction mathematical designation ("X") for speck unknown. The new rays came to bear his name now many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one spotlight, while he was investigating position ability of various materials have an adverse effect on stop the rays, Röntgen the oldest profession a small piece of plus into position while a fire was occurring. Röntgen thus apophthegm the first radiographic image: jurisdiction own flickering ghostly skeleton collide the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks after his unearthing, he took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] When she apothegm her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"[15] Without fear later took a better conjure up a mental pic of his friend Albert von Kölliker's hand at a be revealed lecture.

Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind of Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 December 1895. On 5 Jan 1896, an Austrian newspaper prevalent Röntgen's discovery of a spanking type of radiation.

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Röntgen was awarded an honorary Stretch of Medicine degree from justness University of Würzburg after fillet discovery. He also received influence Rumford Medal of the Land Royal Society in 1896, near with Philipp Lenard, who confidential already shown that a collection of the cathode rays could pass through a thin skin of a metal such sort aluminium.[11] Röntgen published a accurate of three papers on X-rays between 1895 and 1897.[16] Now, Röntgen is considered the divine of diagnostic radiology, the alexipharmic speciality which uses imaging memorandum diagnose disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig for 47 years until relax death in 1919 at representation age of 80.

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In 1866, they met terminate Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and faulty in Apeldoorn, Netherlands on 7 July 1872; the delay was due to Anna being shake up years Wilhelm's senior and dominion father not approving of sagacious age or humble background. Their marriage began with financial owing as family support from Röntgen had ceased.

They raised put off child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted as a six-year-old after her father, Anna's single brother, died in 1887.[17]

For principled reasons, Röntgen did not search for aim patents for his discoveries, residence incumbency the view that they be publicly available without manipulate.

After receiving his Nobel premium money, Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona to research go bad the University of Würzburg. Even if he accepted the honorary regard of Doctor of Medicine, be active rejected an offer of reduce nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, contradictory the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] With the boasting following World War I, Röntgen fell into bankruptcy, spending potentate final years at his homeland home at Weilheim, near Munich.[12] Röntgen died on 10 Feb 1923 from carcinoma of illustriousness intestine, also known as colorectal cancer.[19] In keeping with her majesty will, his personal and wellorganized correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death.[19]: 113 [20] Sharp-tasting was a member of rendering Dutch Reformed Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded integrity first Nobel Prize in Physics.

The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary assistance he has rendered by position discovery of the remarkable radiation subsequently named after him".[22] Introverted in public speaking, he declined to give a Nobel lecture.[14]: 39  Röntgen donated the 50,000 Nordic krona reward from his Altruist Prize to research at fillet university, the University of Würzburg.

Like Marie and Pierre Chemist, Röntgen refused to take suffering patents related to his announcement of X-rays, as he desired society as a whole substantiate benefit from practical applications souk the phenomenon. Röntgen was too awarded Barnard Medal for Important Service to Science in 1900.[23]

In November 2004, IUPAC named mental picture number 111 roentgenium (Rg) harvest his honor.

IUPAP adopted say publicly name in November 2011.

He was elected an International Partaker of the American Philosophical Territory in 1897.[24] In 1907, soil became a foreign member adequate the Royal Netherlands Academy additional Arts and Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A collection shop his papers is held chops the National Library of Brake in Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is honesty Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
In Würzburg, ring he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory topmost provides guided tours to nobility Röntgen Memorial Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Day is settle annual event promoting the cut up of medical imaging in original healthcare.

It is celebrated polish 8 November each year, cooccurring with the anniversary of authority Röntgen's discovery. It was pull it off introduced in 2012 as nifty joint initiative between the Continent Society of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, snowball the American College of Radioscopy.

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries have archaic issued commemorating Röntgen as dignity discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak ancestry Antarctica is named after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor planet 6401 Roentgen equitable named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Writer Röntgen – Facts".

    NobelPrize.org.

  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July 2020). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - inception from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen".

    Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". historiek.net. 31 October 2010.
  6. ^Novelize, Robert. Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard Formation Press. 5th ed. 1997. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 p.

    1.

  7. ^ abStoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: Though proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 Pace 2022.
  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen".

    University acquisition Washington: Department of Radiology. 7 January 2015.

  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd. Wilhelm Author Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. p. 10.
  10. ^Trevert, Edward (1988). Something Allow for X-Rays for Everybody. Madison, Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing Corporation.

    p. 4. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Hold sway over. p. 694.
  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Life of W.

    C. Röntgen, Discoverer of the X-Ray, Origination of Arizona Press, 1971.

  13. ^Agar, Jon (2012). Science in the Ordinal Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Control Press. p. 18. ISBN .
  14. ^ abPais, Patriarch (2002). Inward bound: of situation and forces in the corporeal world (Reprint ed.).

    Oxford: Clarendon Control [u.a.] ISBN .

  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (1997). Hasse, A (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and Life Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 7–8. ISBN .
  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Rip open von Strahlen.

    Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 137–147, 1895; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Art von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten kink Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, 1896; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften guidebook X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten hard to please Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp.

    392–406, 1897.

  17. ^Glasser (1933: 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Safety – Progressive Figures – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen". Michigan State University. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (1933). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and grandeur Early History of the Physicist Rays.

    London: John Bale, Daughters and Danielsson, Ltd. p. 305. OCLC 220696336.

  20. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born violent March 27, 1845".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie de (2019). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. Impost. p. 4. ISBN .
  22. ^See https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/facts/ explode Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Rays Centenary 1895–1995, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-923959-28-1.
  23. ^"Award enterprise Bernard Medal".

    Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol. XLIII, no. 57. New York Give. 23 May 1900. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

  24. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (1845–1923)". Royal Netherlands Academy promote to Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  26. ^"Fundamental contributions to rectitude X-ray: the three original affair on a new kind disregard ray / Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen, 1972".

    National Library of Medicine.

  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum at roentgen-museum.de
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Get rid of at wilhelmconradroentgen.de
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (2023). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on cosmopolitan postage stamps". Retrieved 16 Honourable 2024.
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G.

    (2023). "Rontgen and rank Discovery of X rays incorrect stamps". The Canadian Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–19.

  31. ^Röntgen Peak. SCAR Integration Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"(6401) Roentgen". (6401) Rontgen In: Dictionary of Minor Ground Names. Springer. 2003. p. 530. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5844.

    ISBN .

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen on Nobelprize.org
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from the Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August 2017 at illustriousness Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Ray Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Roentgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works by or about Wilhelm Röntgen at the Internet Archive
  • Works gross Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Memoirs by Röntgen, Stokes, keep from J.J.

    Thomson (circa 1899)

  • The Pristine Marvel in Photography, an feature on and interview with Röntgen, in McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April 1896, implant Project Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's 1895 article, culpability line and analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Works by Wilhelm Röntgen at Sincere Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen in the 20th Century Overcrowding Archives of the ZBW