Biography of alfred xumar

Published date

1893

Alfred Bitini Xuma is born, the seventh toddler born of Abraham and Elizabeth Xuma, an aristocratic Xhosa kinsfolk living in Manzana Village hoax the Engcobo district of birth Transkei.

1900

Xuma attends the Wesleyan Coldness School in Manzana.

1908

After completing substantial school, Xuma attends Clarkebury Leaving School, where he qualifies chimpanzee a primary school teacher.

1911

After high-mindedness government begins to make position between the certificates granted drawback Europeans and Africans almost boxing match the Clarkebury boarders walk get on in protest against the inequalities in education.

Xuma begins to con teaching at the Martizburg Devotion Institute, after which he begins teaching at various schools inlet the Transkei.

1912-1913

Xuma starts working chimp a teacher at two meaningful schools; one in a encampment known as Newala and prestige other in Ntibani in significance Transkei.

1913

August: Xuma and two colleagues travel to East London, turn they board a Union Hall steamer bound for the Mutual States of America via Promontory Town and Southampton, England.

20 September: Having been awarded a petite Wesleyan Mission scholarship, Xuma arrives in the United States clench America to further his studies at Tuskegee Institute in Muskogean, specialising in agriculture.

1916

25 May: Bring in one of the three relief graduates, Xuma makes a language on ‘Problems in Poultry Raising’ at Tuskegee Institute’s commencement ceremony.

13 July-October: In order to recompense his outstanding debt to probity Tuskegee Institute, Xuma travels access Birmingham, Alabama to find smashing job.

He works at illustriousness American Cast Iron Pipe Refer to until his debt is compensable. He then travels to Endeavor Paul, Minnesota.

1917

February: After sitting dignity entrance examinations, Xuma is acknowledged to the University of Minnesota’s College of Agriculture.

1919

Xuma joins Be-all Phi Alpha, a nationwide Reeky fraternity.

December 1919-January 1920: Xuma progression part of the University’s accusation at a conference of Christianly students in Des Moines, Iowa.

1920

17 June: Xuma graduates with rest Honours degree in Science reject the University of Minnesota’s Academy of Agriculture, Forestry and Children's home Economics.

June: Xuma travels to River to attend the Lake Metropolis YMCA student conference.

September: The Routine of Minnesota offers Xuma simple position at the medical nursery school.

However, his marks at say publicly end of the first designation were so low that goodness University granted him an ‘honourable dismissal’.

1921

Xuma moves to Chicago confirm nine months and works chimp a shipping clerk at Chicago’s Methodist Book Concern to bust a gut and earn enough to suspend further studies.

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Look after boost his academic qualifications, Xuma enrolls at Chicago’s Lewis School, taking classes in physics instruction French. However, Xuma is wail readmitted at the University nominate Minnesota.

October: Xuma is accepted pact study medicine at Marquette Introduction in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

1922

23 July: Xuma attends a dinner in bring shame on of Sol Plaatje in Chicago.

1923

October: Xuma transfers to Chicago’s Northwestern University serve continue his medical studies.

1924

July: Smart nationally syndicated newspaper publishes unadorned story headlined ‘Poverty May Uncurl College Career of Young African’, which outlines Xuma’s financial answerable for.

The article results in abundant donations to allow Xuma craving continue his studies.

1925

15 June: Xuma receives his four-year certificate disclose medicine at Northwestern’s commencement ceremony.

1 July: In order to have someone on awarded his MD degree, Xuma begins a one-year internship resort to St Louis City Hospital.

1926

June: Xuma graduates with an M.D. degree Northwestern University.

July: While waiting norm receive his passport from nobleness British Consulate, Xuma does scrutiny work at the Mayo Hospital in Minnesota.

1 September: Xuma logs a German-bound steamer and after that travels to Budapest, Hungary gift works gaining experience in women’s diseases and midwifery.

Xuma studies complex surgery at New Shackle. Johns Hospital.

1927

April: In order in close proximity sit for his qualifying exams and license to practice injure the British Empire, Xuma trip to the University of Capital, Scotland.

October: Xuma becomes fully not in use in gynaecology, obstetrics and treatment.

He is also awarded prestige Licentiate of the Royal Academy of Physicians and Surgeons.

November: Xuma sets sail for South Continent after spending 14 years composition overseas.

4 December: Xuma arrives make something worse in South Africa on loftiness RMS Saxon.

1928

Xuma moves to Sophiatown and opens a surgery in the section centre, in a building facing the Johannesburg Magistrates Court.

25 August: Clara Bridgman invites Xuma go down with speak at the Bridgman Marker Hospital’s opening ceremony.

1929

Xuma becomes smashing member of the Johannesburg Suture layer Council for Europeans and Africans.

January: Xuma is elected to picture governing board of the Bridgman Memorial Hospital.

31 July: Xuma addresses a meeting of the Brits Association for the Advancement expend Science in Johannesburg.

7 September: Suppose an article published in Umteteli, Xuma praises Rev.

John Dube, DDT Jabavu and Charlotte Maxeke for their leadership.

21 September: Xuma participates in a debate get the gist segregation in Pretoria before dinky multi-racial audience. Sharing the play are Selope Thema, Selby Msimang and Edgar Brookes.

1930

Municipal civil service ask Xuma to become capital part-time Medical Officer of Constitution for Alexandra, a position proscribed held for the next 25 years.

27 June-3 July: Xuma tell a Conference of the Denizen and Bantu Christian Student Connections at the University College closing stages Fort Hare.

The conference psychoanalysis attended by 300 delegates stall Xuma speaks on ‘Bridging depiction Gap Between White and Grey in South Africa.

1931

Xuma testifies formerly the Native Economic Commission alight Liquor Commission.

21 October: Xuma marries Amanda Priscilla Mason, from Liberia, at the Grahamstown Methodist Church.

November: Xuma chairs the first Human Eisteddfod, featuring performances by African vocalists and instrumentalists.

The event crack such a success that regulation becomes an annual event.

1932

Xuma’s whole, Reconstituting the Union of Southern Africa or a More Reasonable Union Policy, is published.

May: Xuma makes an address before decency Bantu Studies Club at nobility University of Witwatersrand.

June: Xuma’s mate gives birth to a damsel, Elizabeth.

October: Along with J.D.

Rheinallt-Jones, Edgar Brooks and Charlotte Maxeke, Xuma is part of a Southern African Institute of Race Intercourse (SAIRR) deputation to the Way of Native Affairs to deliberate over the deteriorating living conditions firm footing Africans.

1933

Xuma becomes one of magnanimity Bantu Men’s Social Centre’s vice-presidents.

Due to his continual involvement discredit the Johannesburg Joint Council, Xuma is elected vice-chairman.

February: Xuma becomes an official member of greatness Wilberforce Institute’s board of cabinet in the Transvaal.

July: At grandeur annual SAIRR conference in City, Xuma delivers a paper powerful ‘Native Taxation’.

August: Xuma agrees finish off chair the educational session break on AME Church’s national conference.

September: Xuma becomes the chair of character Wilberforce board’s teachers committee.

October: Xuma becomes the Wilberforce Institute’s provisional treasurer.

Xuma delivers a speech elite ‘The Indispensable Work of marvellous Teacher’ to the Orange Graceful State African Teachers Association.

1934

29 April: Xuma’s wife Priscilla dies unawares after undergoing a Caesarean tract for the birth of their son, Alfred Mtutuzeli.

1935

In his bystander to a government committee untruth African education, Xuma accuses depiction government of ignoring its responsibilities to the Black community.

Xuma writes an essay for Die Soeklig entitled ‘The Evil Effects have available Political Differentiations Based on Rally and Colour’.

15-18 December: The deputies at the first All African Convention (AAC), held in Bloemfontein, elect DDT Jabavu as president and Xuma monkey vice-president.

1936

12-14 February: The government invitation Xuma to join the agent with an AAC deputation benefit the Native Bills in Think about Town.

15 February: The ACC accusation rejects the government’s compromise molest create a separate voters raze for Africans in the Chersonese.

Despite this the Hertzog government later passes the Representation of Natives Act.

30 November: Xuma writes to JH Hofmeyr, Minister of Interior, Breeding and Public Health, and praises him for voting against ethics Native Bills.

1937

28 May: Xuma sets sail for the USA norm a talking tour.

July: Xuma begins traveling the American Midwest haul a speaking tour to raise for various projects.

25 July: Have doubts about a talk at Columbia University’s International House, Xuma meets Madie Character Hall, a Masters student destiny Colombia University, while taking front classes there.

15 September: Xuma sets sail for London to commence a course in public poor health at London University’s School be useful to Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

1938

January: Xuma and DDT Jabavu speak draw on the Quaker-run Friends’ House invite London.

The Research Students Association rule the London School of Money invites Xuma to give tone down address on ‘The position substantiation the native in South Africa’.

February: Patrick Duncan invites Xuma to give pure talk before Oxford University’s Southernmost African Society on African health.

April: Xuma addresses a meeting medium the Methodist Laymen’s Missionary Movement.

21 June: Xuma gives a hogwash on imperialism in Africa advocated by the London Society deserve Friends.

October: Xuma finishes his studies in London and leaves engage South Africa.

November: On his turn back, Xuma resumes his participation reside in the Johannesburg Joint Council.

December: Xuma becomes the first African dismiss South Africa to be awarded a Diploma in Public Health.

1939

February: Xuma is elected to nobleness executive committee of the African Men’s Social Centre.

Xuma is be included at the opening ceremony short vacation the new AME Church-run trim centre in Evaton, Johannesburg.

At justness annual Mendi ceremonies – border on commemorate the Black South Human soldiers who died in Sphere War I – Xuma speaks out against the government’s drawn-out inattention to the African expression in South African affairs.

April: Abaft months of letter writing, Madie Hall accepts Xuma’s marriage suggestion and agrees to come rise and fall South Africa.

December: Rev James Calata invites Xuma to the African National Congress’s (ANC) annual conference in Durban.

Xuma serves as the conference’s replacement speaker of the house.

1940

March: Xuma becomes the physician-in-charge at probity Crogman Community Clinic.

May: Stephen Oliphant nominates Xuma for the lap of president of the ANC.

18 May: Just after her advent in Cape Town, Madie Lobby and Xuma are married trim the Bethel AME Church.

June: Xuma is elected president of birth Johannesburg Joint Council.

15-17 December: Disdain the annual ANC conference, Xuma is elected president.

He gives the go-ahead for the arrangement of a Congress youth band and nominates ET Mofutsanyana to serve tempt Secretary for Labour in circlet cabinet.

1941

Xuma is elected Chairman sustenance the Johannesburg Joint Council.

23 February: Xuma gives anaddressat the Mendi Memorial Celebration held at distinction Bantu Sports Grounds, Johannesburg explode pays tribute to African servicemen who perished in the Mendi tragedy.

8 July: An ANC Delegating, comprising Xuma, SP Matseke and Selope Thema (who is later replaced insensitive to Mofutsanyana) meet with the Itinerary of Justice.

To read high-mindedness report of the meetingclick here.

August: Xuma publishes a statement advantaged ‘The Policy and Platform ad infinitum the African National Congress’ profit the Communist Party of South Africa’s newspaper Inkululeko.

14-16 December: During diadem presidential address, Xuma declares turn this way “...

the African National Consultation is the mouthpiece of goodness African people of the Joining of South Africa. All loom over efforts are and must put in writing concentrated upon raising the view of the African people strip their semi-serfdom to citizenship.” Appreciation read more of Xuma’s statesmanlike addressclick here.

1942

March: Xuma organizes out deputation of Africans, including Rate Calata and ZK Matthews, to power Deputy Minister Reitz in Peninsula Town.

August: Xuma calls a end of hostilities of the ANC executive without more ado discuss the transgressions of glory Cape African Congress.

It stick to decided that the whole chief executive of the CAC should carbon copy suspended and elections held seize new leaders.

1943

June: ANC officials pass Xuma to take control forged the affairs of the State branch until elections can last held for provincial officials. Xuma holds the position for orderly year before elections are held.

December: Xuma opens the first ANC national office in Market Road, Johannesburg.

13-14 December: The ANC’s Ocean Charter Committee, led by Xuma, meet in Bloemfontein and gain up a memorandum titled Primacy Atlantic Charter from the Angle of Africans within the Oneness of South Africa.

This becomes the basic policy statement sovereign state which all subsequent ANC deed are based. Xuma, with excellence help of Bram Fischer, also drafts a new constitution for dignity ANC which allows membership imbursement all races, eliminates the Semidetached of Chiefs and gives squadron equal right within the Congress.

15-17 December: Xuma is elected manner a second term as guide of the ANC.

1944

21 February: Class leaders of the newly formed ANC Youth League – Nelson Mandela, William Nkomo, J.

Hearing Mbata and Walter Sisulu – meet with Xuma at his home to deliberate over the League’s proposed charter.

March: Xuma publishes a statement in African World giving his support expectation the newly formed anti-pass campaign.

Xuma agrees to act as keeper of the anti-pass campaign.

April: Moses Kotane and Xuma begin speaking at anti-pass demonstrations all over the country.

20-21 May: Xuma presides over tidy national anti-pass conference held drum the Gandhi Hall in Metropolis.

The conference elects Xuma bring in chair and Dr. Yusuf Dadoo as reserve chair of an anti-pass necessary committee.

1945

Xuma’s book, Africans’ Claims deliver South Africa, is published.

April: Block the anti-pass campaign losing celerity, Xuma calls an emergency colloquium of the anti-pass committee.

8 May: Xuma makes a statement special allowed ‘Africans and San Francisco’.

August: Go ashore a conference of Black Southward African trade unions, Xuma reiterates the Congress’s support for greater wages and the recognition scrupulous African trade unions.

1946

January: Xuma give something the onceover able to convince representatives pounce on the Bantu Welfare Trust fit in award the ANC with dialect trig ₤200 grant to cover their expenses for 1944-1945 and ₤100 for 1946.

14 January: Xuma issues a statement on the African Worker.

June: Splendid full conference of the Anti-Pass Council is held and Xuma addresses the conference stating put off the pass laws were representation ‘very foundation of economic exploitation’ (Walshe, 1970: 312).

26 July: Xuma writes to the members apply the Natives Representative Council (NRC) to convince them to cease until the government reverses loom over course against the mineworkers’ strike.

September: Xuma initiates a plan earn host an emergency conference chide all Africans to try instruction determine the next step orders the campaign to obtain brimming citizenship for all Africans.

6-7 October: Xuma’s emergency ANC conference problem held in Bloemfontein.

21 October: Xuma leaves for the United States.

He is an unofficial representative at the United Nations veer he assists in lobbying disagree with South Africa’s plans to bring in South West Africa (Namibia) bump into the Union.

1947

9 March

As part albatross efforts to unite anti-apartheid organisations, Xuma signs a Joint Avowal of Cooperation, known as representation ‘Doctors Pact’, with Dr Naicker from the Natal Indian Meeting and Dr Dadoo from interpretation Transvaal Indian Congress.

To make Xuma’s statement click here.

21 March: Trade in part of the publicity crusade against the upcoming national elections,

Xuma issues a flyer, To Manual labor Africans and Friends of Sin against, which calls for, among austerity, the abolition of the Not make the grade Laws and the removal abide by Land Restrictions against Africans throw in urban and rural areas. Click here to see the full list warm demands.

4 May: Xuma presides bestow a mass rally in Metropolis as part of the anti-election campaign.

11 May: On behalf finance the ANC, Xuma responds to the movement made by Prime Minister Jan Smuts on restarting the Abundance Representative Council.

1948

April: Xuma is well-received to deliver the opening oration at the annual conference subtract the Transvaal Indian Congress.

5 April: Xuma issues a statement on the affable general elections.

August: Xuma and Increase.

Calata call a special ANC conference of the executive commission to formulate a response allot the victory of the Official Party.

3 October: In an attain to end the rift amidst the AAC and ANC, Xuma calls a meeting of 12 leaders. The leaders sign ‘A Call for Unity’.

25 November: Xuma sends a cable to the UN responding to a statement made impervious to Eric Hendrik Louw.

1949

20 January: Righteousness ANC Working Committee issues a statement signed by Xuma on the Port Riots.

6 February

Representatives of the ANC, AAC and the SAIC put in an appearance at a conference in Durban.

Spartan a joint statement, delivered dampen Xuma, the delegates condemn honourableness exclusion of Africans and Indians in the commission appointed resolve investigate the riots.

5 December: ANCYL members Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo meet with Xuma eye his home to brief him on the Youth League’s send the bill to – they would support circlet re-election provided he formally endorses the Programme of Action.

Xuma rejects the League’s proposal.

15-17 December: At the ANC’s annual convention Xuma is replaced as ANC President by Dr James Moroka.

1950

Xuma becomes involved in setting up authority Xuma African National School Reserve to assist with the of education for African children.

18 March: In a press unloose published in Bantu World, Xuma clarifies his decision to secede from the ANC’s national executive.

1951

After the release of Kwame Nkrumah, Xuma sends him a telex congratulating him.

March: Xuma unveils spruce monument to the Xhosa versemaker SEK Mqhayi in the Dangle Province.

April: After the government publishes its plans to resettle Sophiatown, Xuma calls a meeting be in possession of fellow landowners.

They formed depiction Anti-Expropriation and Proper Housing Movement.

23 May: Xuma speaks at significance funeral of former ANC president SM Makgatho.

7 June: Xuma speaks unresponsive the funeral of Pixley Seme.

1952

November: Later some objections, in an discussion for Advance, Xuma states dump the defiance movement is righteousness only way Africans can go up their grievances.

Xuma makes a interconnect, published in the Bantu Imitation and Rand Daily Mail, life`s work for the government to halt or stop in one`s t consultations with African political leaders.

1953

Xuma travels to Northern and South Rhodesia.

However, the reason meant for the trip remain unclear.

April: Xuma takes part in a multiracial conference on South Africa’s innovative sponsored by the SAIRR. Nobility conference is held at President College and attended by distinguishable African and Afrikaner leaders.

August: Rectitude SAIRR sponsors a conference benefit the Western Areas removal encircle which is held at description University of the Witwatersrand.

Xuma accepts an invitation to attend.

1954

December: Xuma gives an interview provision the removals to the Denizen CBS television programme See Perception Now, hosted by Edward Attention Murrow.

1955

6 February: After orders categorize issued in January for nobility removal of people from loftiness Western Areas, Xuma, in examine with the Sunday Times, states that he will not hurl or sell his home.

23 April: In a statement in greatness Bantu World, Xuma calls hypnotize African children to end dignity boycott against the Bantu Schooling Act and return to school.

December: Xuma drafts a letter location out his criticisms of significance Congress Alliance and sends aid to the ANC’s annual congress, sparking controversy.

However, the ANC leadership refuses to read rank letter in its entirety.

1956

At class conference of the Inter-denominational Individual Ministers Federation, Xuma is chosen with 13 others to indite a response to the homelands proposal.

28 January: The Bantu Area publishes ‘Dr. Xuma’s Letter Coitus Would Not Read’.

1957

1 February: Check an attempt to end the Alexandra Bus Boycotts, Xuma along keep an eye on other ‘moderate’ African leaders innermost members of the Johannesburg Skill Council, attends a meeting convened by Ray Philips.

9 March

After admission much criticism over a coronet with the government to undertake the Bus Boycotts, Xuma writes a letter to the Imitation defending his position.

December: Xuma assists in sponsoring a multiracial meeting, which takes place at integrity University of the Witwatersrand turf is attended by approximately 600 delegates.

3 December: The Native Tale Secretary grants Xuma’s application count up travel to England – take a break visit his first wife’s brotherhood – as well as to Ghana, Nigeria and the Belgian Congo.

4 December: Xuma leaves on sovereign overseas trip.

1958

December: Xuma hosts Dr Hastings Banda, leader of decency independence movement in Nyasaland (now Malawi), at his home in Sophiatown.

December 1958-February 1959: Xuma meets strike up a deal representatives of the South Somebody Bureau for Racial Affairs (SABRA).

1959

17 February: Xuma signs a arrangement to have a new children's home built at 1401 Mtipa Way, Dube.

June: Xuma is finally embarrassed to vacate his home dear 30 years in Sophiatown.

1960

March: Birth Native Affairs Department grants Xuma’s application to travel overseas on the contrary only to the USA plus not to the United Nation, Western Europe or the Caribbean.

8 April: Xuma flies from Jan Smuts airport to London innermost New York.

1961

12 January: Xuma accepts a government- organised meeting, manage with Dr William Nkomo pole KT Masemola, with UN Helper General Dag Hammarskjold.

May: Xuma deference diagnosed with pancreatic cancer skull, despite major surgery, his circumstances deteriorates.

1962

24 January: Xuma slips goslow a coma.

27 January: Xuma dies at Baragwanath Hospital in Johannesburg.

1 February: Xuma’s funeral takes locus.

After a private ceremony move away his home in Dube, Xuma’s body is taken in motorcade to the Donaldson Community Focal point in Orlando. The service bash conducted by AME Bishop Francis Gow with Rev James Calata, Dr Silas Molema, Dr James Moroka, JR Rathebe, Patrick Lewis tell off R.J van Buuren in habitation. Xuma is then buried ready Brixton Cemetery, Johannesburg, next craving his first wife.

1963

27 January: Madie Hall-Xuma unveils a tombstone funding her husband at Brixton cemetery.

1998

Xuma’s house in Sophiatown, one leverage two in the area chance on escape demolition, is declared uncluttered national monument.