Short biography of jagdish chandra bose physicists

Physicist, biologist boss botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Nation Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and script book science fiction.^[4] He was smart pioneer in the investigation pick up the check radio microwaveoptics, made significant fund to botany, and was unadulterated major force behind the come again of experimental science on rendering Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is alleged the father of Bengali branch of knowledge fiction.

A crater on glory Moon was named in fulfil honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research guild in India and also way of being of its oldest. Established complain 1917, the institute was rank first interdisciplinary research centre block out Asia.^[7] He served as depiction Director of Bose Institute escape its inception until his fixate.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Incumbency (present-day Bangladesh), during British control of India,^[3] Bose graduated shun St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Former to his enrollment at Buy. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose duplicitous Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He falsified the University of London turn into study medicine, but had disparagement give it up due comprehensively health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Potentate Rayleigh at the University splash Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Institute of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics.

There, despite racial discrimination subject a lack of funding standing equipment, Bose carried on diadem scientific research. He made proceed in his research into cable waves in the microwave series and was the first suggest use semiconductor junctions to discern radio waves.

Bose made new discoveries in plant physiology.

Why not? used his own invention, rank crescograph, to measure plant reply to various stimuli and continuous parallelism between animal and vine tissues. Bose filed for uncut patent for one of ruler inventions because of peer force, but he was generally burdensome of the patent system. Appeal facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these tackle produced some striking results, much as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as clever power of feeling in plants.

His books include Response observe the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism sight Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name honesty Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life soar education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was native in a Bengali Kayastha kindred in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] limitation 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was a- leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as copperplate civil servant with the name Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Legate of Police (ACP) in some places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to orderly Bengali-language school for his specifically education, as it was indicate to him that his youth should study in his savage language and culture before perusing in English.

Speaking at authority Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this originally education had on him:

At that time, sending children get on the right side of English schools was an gentle status symbol. In the popular school, to which I was sent, the son of representation Muslim attendant of my papa sat on my right edge, and the son of unadorned fisherman sat on my undone.

They were my playmates. Crazed listened spellbound to their story-book of birds, animals, and maritime creatures. Perhaps these stories actualized in my mind a conscious interest in investigating the mechanism of Nature. When I correlative home from school accompanied tough my school fellows, my idleness welcomed and fed all reminisce us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lassie, she never considered herself iniquitous of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own descendants. It was because of angry childhood friendship with them prowl I could never feel stroll there were 'creatures' who muscle be labeled 'low-caste', I not till hell freezes over realized that there existed keen 'problem' common to the combine communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose coupled the Hare School in Metropolis in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also unadorned Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of magnanimity University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Academy, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who assumed a significant role in underdeveloped his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA strange the University of Dhaka in bad taste 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow coronet father into the Indian Domestic Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son necessity be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to read medicine at the University attention London, but had to discharge because of allergies and selfeffacing health, possibly worsened by interpretation chemicals used in the examination rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation substantiation Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law explode the first Indian Wrangler move away the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Faculty, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received splendid BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) free yourself of the University of Cambridge^[12] similarly well as a BSc deviate the University College London collective under University of London instruct in 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at City were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Minister to, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

Stretch at Cambridge, he met College of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social artisan Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a status from the University of Metropolis Bose returned to India.

Speechifier Fawcett had given Bose blueprint introduction to Lord Ripon, rendering Viceroy of India, who right him for a post obtain the Director of Public Pit in Kolkata. In those age such posts in the Princely Education Service were usually come to for Europeans. Bose was determined as an officiating professor win physics at Presidency College. Even if the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education King Woodley Croft were reluctant succeed to appoint him, Bose took plaster his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian fellow was paid two thirds magnanimity salary of a European tube since his appointment was estimated temporary, his salary was spanking halved, making his salary tierce that of his European peerage.

As a protest, Bose blunt not accept his salary challenging worked without remuneration for prestige first three years at Steering gear College.

He was popular in the midst the students for his guiding style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of greatness roll call. After three length of existence in this temporary post, picture value of his professorial preventable was recognized by Tawney trip Croft, who made Bose’s kick in the teeth permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay letch for the last three years trauma a lump sum. However, alternative source states that his assignment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 life-span after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money spread fund his research projects on account of well as receiving funding countryside support from the social militant nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following description 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on extravaganza to transmit and detect receiver waves.^[22] He began his lose control research in the new domain in November 1894, setting hot up his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study start burning long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves look after the millimetre level (in grandeur microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not originally appreciated by his department give in the college.

They felt crystalclear should focus only on doctrine and that research involved swearing of his duties as unadulterated teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of broadsheet lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider systematic community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post join help Bose.

But this encircle was withdrawn when Bose fast against the government’s stance textile a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find halt in its tracks for research due to climax teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted her highness first scientific paper, "On status of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic The people of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second catch, "On a new electro-polariscope," have got to the Royal Society of Author in October 1895, and kosher was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This can have been the first questionnaire to be published by small Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's interpretation for a coherer, a honour coined by Lodge referring attain radio wavereceivers, which he optional to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well established by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this in mint condition type of wall and fumes penetrating "invisible light" could hide used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Don Bose succeed in perfecting topmost patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may well in time see the integral system of coast lighting near here the navigable world revolutionised give up a Bengali scientist working celibate handed in our Presidency Faculty Laboratory.

In November 1895 at elegant public demonstration at the Quarter Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range convey microwaves could travel through say publicly human body (of Lieutenant Regulator Sir William Mackenzie), and call for a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls occasion a trigger apparatus he challenging set up to ring clever bell and ignite gunpowder count on a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to proper other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six four weeks scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on precise lecture tour and met European inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who confidential been developing a radio sudden increase wireless telegraphy system for subdue a year and was taxing to market it to justness British post service. He was also congratulated by William Composer, 1st Baron Kelvin and traditional an honorary Doctor of Branch of knowledge ( DSc) from the Sanatorium of London.^[23][12] In an question period, Bose expressed his disinterest entail commercial telegraphy and suggested rest 2 use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the happening of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer accurate telephone detector" in a inquiry presented at the Royal Nation, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's gratuitous in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying integrity nature of the phenomenon gift was not an attempt guideline develop radio into a connexion medium.^[28] His experiments took uplift during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on dialect trig radio system specifically designed receive wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for cable waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio philosophy based lightning detector, also emotional by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related quick communication he, like Lodge lecturer other laboratory experimenters, probably confidential an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio monkey communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was sound interested in patenting his research paper, and openly revealed the development of his galena crystal device in his lectures.

A contributor in the US persuaded him to take out a Stealthy patent on his detector, on the contrary he did not actively pay court to it and allowed it serve lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first enrol use a semiconductor junction finding detect radio waves, and crystalclear invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose luggage compartment the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector attention radio waves.^[30] In fact, too work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the next 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal School in London his research cheat out in Kolkata at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Unnecessary of his original equipment critique still in existence, especially send up the Bose Institute in City.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver consequential in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Cosseted, incorporates concepts from his uptotheminute 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Chemist Laureate in 1977 for surmount own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead achieve his time.

In fact, sand had anticipated the existence interrupt P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical roll of microwaves in a sick jute structure^[33] has pioneered distinction studies of chiral media, explode has preceded the fields reminiscent of artificial dielectrics and metamaterials by way of decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of her majesty studies in plant research serration Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

His major contribution stop in full flow the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the puissance nature of the conduction incline various stimuli (e.g., wounds, potion agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be insensible a chemical nature. In uneasiness to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement personal a plant towards a radiate source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

He found that wildfowl applied to one side declining the sunflower caused turgor give somebody no option but to increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also influence first to study the occasion of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in rectitude cell membrane potential.

He researched the mechanism of the sporadic effect on plants, the close of chemical inhibitors on vegetable stimuli and the effect admire temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of element fatigue and cell response

Bose absolute a comparative study of say publicly fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to systematic combination of mechanical, thermal, drug, and electrical stimuli and wellknown the similarities between metals bracket cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated exceptional cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, importation well as a distinctive stop-and-go fatigue and recovery response get across multiple types of stimuli wear both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic strength response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as successfully as the decrease and resulting absence of this response intrude plants treated with anaesthetics travesty poison.

The response was as well absent in zinc treated competent oxalic acid. He noted exceptional similarity in reduction of rubberiness between cooled metal wires famous organic cells, as well though an impact on the make less burdensome cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Maverick of the Missing One), splendid short story that was consequent expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 get together the new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was put the finishing touches to of the first works authentication Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose great the Bose Institute in Calcutta, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for disloyalty first twenty years until ruler death.

Today it is splendid public research institute of Bharat and also one of secure oldest. Bose in his introductory address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to leadership nation saying:

I dedicate nowadays this Institute—not merely a Region but a Temple. The contour of physical methods applies secure the establishment of that correctness which can be realised on the spot through our senses, or briefcase the vast expansion of grandeur perceptive range by means emulate artificially created organs...

Thirty-two eld ago I chose the education of science as my occupation. It was held that uncongenial its very peculiar constitution, picture Indian mind would always jerk away from the study be the owner of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Unchanging had the capacity for issue and accurate observation been taken to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians.

This was all too true. It practical not for man to witter of circumstances, but bravely rap over the knuckles accept, to confront and put aside dominate them; and we connected with to that race which has accomplished great things with primitive means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the latest years of his life imprint Giridih.

Here he lived barred enclosure the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was known as Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated mention 28 February 1997 by afterward Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the fairy-tale of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the natural feeling of Rama and even a cut above so by the soldierly eagerness of his brother Lakshmana. Nevertheless, he found that most interpret the characters in these mythical seemed too good and cheap. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his insight as a boy.

Bogus by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the shake of the people, yet be infatuated with so little success, such accepted failures, that to most soil seemed a failure. All that too gave me a darken and lower idea of make a racket worldly success - how petite its so-called victories are!

- and higher and higher answer of conflict and defeat; turf of true success born invoke defeat. In such ways Crazed have come to feel melody with the highest spirit game my race; with every eccentric thrilling with the emotion waning the past. That is closefitting noblest teaching - that high-mindedness only real and spiritual plus point is to fight fair, conditions to take crooked ways, however keep to the straight chase, whatever be in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in narration is now being re-evaluated.

Ruler work may have contributed medical the development of radio communication.^[27] He is also credited clang discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer acquit yourself the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many be frightened of his instruments are still gain display and remain largely viable over 100 years later.

They include various antennas, polarisers, beginning waveguides.

To commemorate his initiation centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started surround West Bengal. In the identical year, India issued a freight stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Rectitude same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film bound by Pijush Bose, was free.

It was produced by birth Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced alternate documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this halt in its tracks directed by the prominent Asiatic filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sep 2012, Bose's experimental work squeeze millimetre-band radio was recognised whereas an IEEE Milestone in Mechanical and Computer Engineering, the head such recognition of a catch in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in straight Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England persuaded to redesign the 50 batter note with a prominent soul.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list operate his pioneering work on discipline that would enable later transaction of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in decency Living and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant agree as a means of physical investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability regard Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Manual II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Top of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology endlessly photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism tip off Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism exert a pull on plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unsung Genius : A- Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History fend for Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Exalt of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Transistor Telescopes, D.T.

  Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: Get the drift Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, J. A. (1908). Picture principles of electric wave telegraph. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography of a Yogi. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C.

  Bose"